which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types and advances made during the two world wars? improved blood transfusion safety effective blood preservation solutions developed ability to separate different parts of blood for different uses all blood types made compatible with each other
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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards terms like A purebred purple flowering plant is crossed with a purebred white flowering plant, and they produce offspring that have purple flowers. Which is the trait for purple flowers? dominant recessive codominant blended, Which statement best describes the potential confusion in early studies of inheritance patterns for skin color? The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance. The polygenic trait appeared as codominance. Incomplete dominance appeared to be a polygenic trait. Codominance appeared to be a polygenic trait., Which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types? improved blood transfusion safety effective blood preservation solutions developed elements of blood separated via centrifuge all blood types made compatible with each other and more.
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A purebred purple flowering plant is crossed with a purebred white flowering plant, and they produce offspring that have purple flowers. Which is the trait for purple flowers?
dominant recessive codominant blended
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dominant
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Which statement best describes the potential confusion in early studies of inheritance patterns for skin color?
The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance.
The polygenic trait appeared as codominance.
Incomplete dominance appeared to be a polygenic trait.
Codominance appeared to be a polygenic trait.
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The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance.
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Terms in this set (17)
A purebred purple flowering plant is crossed with a purebred white flowering plant, and they produce offspring that have purple flowers. Which is the trait for purple flowers?
dominant recessive codominant blended dominant
Which statement best describes the potential confusion in early studies of inheritance patterns for skin color?
The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance.
The polygenic trait appeared as codominance.
Incomplete dominance appeared to be a polygenic trait.
Codominance appeared to be a polygenic trait.
The polygenic trait appeared as incomplete dominance.
Which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types?
improved blood transfusion safety
effective blood preservation solutions developed
elements of blood separated via centrifuge
all blood types made compatible with each other
all blood types made compatible with each other
Which inheritance pattern results when parents are crossed for pure traits and the resulting offspring have traits that appear to blend?
incomplete dominance
codominance
Mendelian inheritance
polygenic inheritance
incomplete dominance
Skin color, fur color, and height are examples of which inheritance pattern?
Mendelian inheritance
incomplete dominance
codominance
polygenic inheritance
polygenic inheritance
If a red cow (homozygous dominant) is crossed with a white cow (homozygous dominant), what alleles will the offspring have?
Rw RW rW rw RW
The allele for curly hair is incompletely dominant. If a mother is homozygous for curly hair and the father is homozygous for straight hair, what percentage of the offspring will exhibit characteristics of both parents?
25 percent 50 percent 75 percent 100 percent 100 percent
Which statement best describes human eye color?
an incompletely dominant trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
a polygenic trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
an incompletely dominant trait that follows Mendelian inheritance patterns
a polygenic trait that follows Mendelian inheritance patterns
a polygenic trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
The graph demonstrates the quantitative variation for skin pigmentation.
mc011-1.jpg
Which conclusion is supported by the graph?
NOT More than half of the population has the central skin pigmentation.
The lightest and the darkest skin pigmentations are equally possible.
NOT The central skin pigmentation makes up more of the population than the rest of the skin pigmentation groups combined.
NOT Fewer people have skin pigmentation lighter than the central peak than people who have pigmentation darker than the central peak.
...
Which represents polygenic inheritance of traits?
a cow that has red and white dominant coloring
a mix of blue, green, and brown eye colors
a plant that has pink flowers produced from a plant that has red flowers and a plant that has white flowers
a plant that has green seeds produced from a plant that has yellow seeds and a plant that has green seeds
a mix of blue, green, and brown eye colors
An example of a polygenic trait is
eye color, which is controlled by many interacting genes
If blood is in short supply, which blood type would be the most beneficial to have on hand if someone needed a blood transfusion?
O+ O- AB+ AB- O-
Which type of traits vary quantitatively due to the interaction of multiple genes?
polygenic codominant incomplete dominant dominant polygenic
John and Pat are identical twins with identical DNA. John works in a movie theater, and Pat works as a lifeguard. They have very different skin pigmentation. Which is the best explanation of the difference?
Skin color, a polygenic trait, is also determined by environmental factors.
Skin color, a polygenic trait, is also determined by the sex of the individual.
Skin color, a trait that demonstrates incomplete dominance, is also determined by environmental factors.
Skin color, a trait that demonstrates incomplete dominance, is also determined by the sex of the individual.
Skin color, a polygenic trait, is also determined by environmental factors.
Artificial blood
Artificial blood is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells. While true blood serves many different functions, artificial blood is designed for the sole purpose of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Depending ...
Indian J Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul-Sep; 12(3): 140–144.
doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.43685
PMCID: PMC2738310 PMID: 19742251
Artificial blood
Suman Sarkar
Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Abstract
Artificial blood is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells. While true blood serves many different functions, artificial blood is designed for the sole purpose of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Depending on the type of artificial blood, it can be produced in different ways using synthetic production, chemical isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. Development of the first blood substitutes dates back to the early 1600s, and the search for the ideal blood substitute continues. Various manufacturers have products in clinical trials; however, no truly safe and effective artificial blood product is currently marketed. It is anticipated that when an artificial blood product is available, it will have annual sales of over $7.6 billion in the United States alone.
Keywords: Blood, artificial blood, PerfluorocarbonsGo to:
Background
Blood is a special type of connective tissue that is composed of white cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma. It has a variety of functions in the body. Plasma is the extracellular material made up of water, salts, and various proteins that, along with platelets, encourages blood to clot. Proteins in the plasma react with air and harden to prevent further bleeding. The white blood cells are responsible for the immune defense. They seek out invading organisms or materials and minimize their effect in the body.
The red cells in blood create the bright red color. As little as two drops of blood contains about one billion red blood cells. These cells are responsible for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. They are also responsible for the “typing” phenomena. On the membranes of these cells are proteins that the body recognizes as its own. For this reason, a person can use only blood that is compatible with her type. Currently, artificial blood products are only designed to replace the function of red blood cells. It might even be better to call the products being developed now, oxygen carriers instead of artificial blood.
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History
There has been a need for blood replacements for as long as patients have been bleeding to death because of a serious injury. According to medical folklore, the ancient Incas were responsible for the first recorded blood transfusions. No real progress was made in the development of a blood substitute until 1616, when William Harvey described how blood is circulated throughout the body. In the years to follow, medical practitioners tried numerous substances such as beer, urine, milk, plant resins, and sheep blood as a substitute for blood. They had hoped that changing a person's blood could have different beneficial effects such as curing diseases or even changing a personality. The first successful human blood transfusions were done in 1667. Unfortunately, the practice was halted because patients who received subsequent transfusions died.
Of the different materials that were tried as blood substitutes over the years, only a few met with minimal success. Milk was one of the first of these materials. In 1854, patients were injected with milk to treat Asiatic cholera. Physicians believed that the milk helped regenerate white blood cells. In fact, enough of the patients given milk as a blood substitute seemed to improve that it was concluded to be a safe and legitimate blood replacement procedure. However, many practitioners remained skeptical so milk injections never found widespread appeal. It was soon discarded and forgotten as a blood replacement.
Another potential substitute was salt or saline solutions. In experiments done on frogs, scientists found that they could keep frogs alive for some time if they removed all their blood and replaced it with a saline solution. These results were a little misleading, however, because it was later determined that frogs could survive for a short time without any blood circulation at all. After much research, saline was developed as a plasma volume expander.
Other materials that were tried during the 1800s include hemoglobin and animal plasma. In 1868, researchers found that solutions containing hemoglobin isolated from red blood cells could be used as blood replacements. In 1871, they also examined the use of animal plasma and blood as a substitute for human blood. Both of these approaches were hampered by significant technological problems. First, scientists found it difficult to isolate a large volume of hemoglobin. Second, animal products contained many materials that were toxic to humans. Removing these toxins was a challenge during the nineteenth century.
A significant breakthrough in the development of artificial blood came in 1883 with the creation of Ringer's solution—a solution composed of sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. In research using part of a frog's heart, scientists found that the heart could be kept beating by applying the solution. This eventually led to findings that the reduction in blood pressure caused by a loss of blood volume could be restored by using Ringer's solution. This product evolved into a human product when lactate was added. While it is still used today as a blood-volume expander, Ringer's solution does not replace the action of red blood cells so it is not a true blood substitute.
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