which of these concerns about educational quality is determined only at the k–12 level of public education? how to appropriately test students’ performance how to make sure application acceptance rates are fair how to fund the growing cost of tuition how to pay for higher-education research
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Social Policy Flashcards
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Social Policy
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Which statement about Medicare is most accurate?
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Medicare provides medical assistance to senior citizens.
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Which of these concerns about educational quality is determined only at the K-12 level of public education?
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how to appropriately test students' performance
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Terms in this set (10)
Which statement about Medicare is most accurate?
Medicare provides medical assistance to senior citizens.
Which of these concerns about educational quality is determined only at the K-12 level of public education?
how to appropriately test students' performance
Which step is the first one in the Social Security process?
payroll tax
Based on this chart, why is the Social Security Administration facing a funding problem?
The number of elderly Americans is growing quickly, so more money is going out than coming in.
Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt establish Social Security?
to provide economic security
The Social Security Administration develops regulations to determine
benefits.
What would most likely happen if the government increased payroll taxes?
Workers would have less money to take home each week.
By the end of 2012, about___ million families were receiving SNAP benefits.
46
Which of these responsibilities is performed by the US Department of Education?
distributing federal funding to states for education
NOT: determining what must be taught in all schools
Which best explains why the government funds public education in the United States?
to instill citizens with knowledge to better participate in government and the economy
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Verified questions
SOCIOLOGY
What are folkways? Give three examples of folkways in the United States.
Verified answer SOCIOLOGY
Handshakes are also symbolic representations of cultures. List some situations in which people shake hands in U.S culture. For example, do boyfriends and girlfriends shake hands in the hallway when they meet? Do some students use special handshakes when they greet other students? As a class, determine all the ways in which handshakes are used in U.S culture, and explain how the social situation can change the meaning of a handshake.
Verified answer SOCIOLOGY
Have you ever been in a situation in which you disagreed with the majority opinion or felt that something that was about to happen was wrong? Did you speak up? If not, did the power of the group influence you? When might failing to speak up lead to harm?
Verified answer SOCIOLOGY
Most real-world work situations involve a high degree of cooperation. Still, much of our educational system remains competitive. ACT and SAT tests are not taken cooperatively, for example. Cooperative learning has been offered as an alternative to individual learning. Based on your experience with cooperative learning, do you agree that it is a better way of learning?
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A Quality Approach to School Funding
Past school finance ligation shows that future reform must focus on the quality of education.
REPORT NOV 13, 2018
A Quality Approach to School Funding
Lessons Learned From School Finance Litigation
Past school finance ligation shows that future reform must focus on the quality of education.
AUTHORS
Carmel Martin Ulrich Boser Meg Benner Perpetual Baffour
Advancing Racial Equity and Justice, Building an Economy for All, Education, Education, K-12, Investment and Funding Equity for Public Education
MEDIA CONTACT
Julia Cusick
Interim Vice President, Communications
Colin Seeberger
Senior Director, Media Relations
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS
Lola Oduyeru
Senior Manager, State and Local Government Affairs
Peter Gordon
Director, Federal Affairs
Madeline Shepherd
Director, Federal Affairs
Jerry Parshall
Senior Director, Safety and Justice Campaign and Acting Director, State and Local Government Affairs
DOWNLOAD Report
PDF (2 MB)
Middle school students use microscopes to conduct a scientific experiment. (Getty/Hero Images)
Introduction and summary
In 1968, a sheet metal worker named Demetrio Rodriguez decided to file a lawsuit against the Edgewood Independent School District, a high-poverty district located just outside of San Antonio, Texas, serving a predominately Mexican American population. Rodriguez, the father of four children enrolled in the Edgewood district, was frustrated that the schools were dramatically underfunded and marred by dilapidated facilities and weak instruction.1
As part of his suit, Rodriguez joined 15 other parents who sued the state for an inequitable system of financing public schools. The case was filed under Rodriguez’s name because he had been a longtime, leading voice in the community for equal rights. The suit, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, eventually landed in the Supreme Court.2
The court’s decision, however, did not live up to the dream of equal educational opportunity for which Rodriguez and the other parents had hoped. The court struck down the case, arguing that education was not a guaranteed, fundamental right under the U.S. constitution and that Texas’ school finance system did not violate any protected rights.3
More than 40 years later, one of Rodriguez’s children now teaches in the Edgewood Independent School District—the same district that he sued.4 The district still gets less than its fair share of funds from the state of Texas. In fact, according to one recent analysis, Edgewood receives about $5,000 less per pupil in education funding than Alamo Heights, a wealthier, neighboring school district.5 Just as bad, the district continues to lag behind on academic measures, and many of its students score below grade level.6
This is a national problem. Since the 1970s, advocates across the country have filed dozens of school finance lawsuits. That litigation spurred critical conversation and important progress, but many large and pressing problems remain. In nearly half of all states, affluent districts still receive more funding from state and local governments for their schools and students than poorer districts.7 In some states, the issue is particularly egregious; for instance, high-poverty districts in Illinois receive 22 percent less in per-pupil funds in state and local dollars than the wealthiest school districts.8
Dollars must be at the start of every conversation around equity. Funding is a central component to providing a high-quality education and often leads to improved outcomes. A 2016 study found that, between 1990 and 2011, states that reformed school finance policies in order to allocate more funding to high-poverty school districts narrowed the achievement gap by an average of one-fifth.9
But allocating equal funding for every student does not guarantee that all students will have a rigorous educational experience.10 School finance reform must focus on the quality of every school, from the excellence of the instruction to the rigor of the classes.
This idea is at the heart of this report. The authors argue that the efforts to resolve inequities through the courts or with legislation need to move beyond funding. Furthermore, reforms must focus on both funding levels and equal access to resources shown to be fundamental to a quality education. True educational equity will require two central reforms. First, there needs to be additional resources—not the same resources—in order to meet the needs of at-risk students.11 Second, there should be accountability frameworks to ensure that the key ingredients to student success—access to early childhood programs, effective teachers, and rigorous curriculum—are available to students irrespective of their race, zip code, or economic status.
The authors came to these conclusions after examining the remedies implemented at the state level in response to a court order or as a result of political pressure created by state litigation. Past cases, which have focused on the equity or adequacy of school funding, have increased resources for low-income students but have not consistently ensured that all students have access to a high-quality education. Moreover, in some instances, remedies implemented under these frameworks have led to unintended consequences, including the leveling out of education funding in cases that focus on equity of dollars alone.
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