the ottoman empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because
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7-8 ap world
The blockade referred to by Deng Xiaoping in the first paragraph is best understood in which context?
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cold war rivalries
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Which cold war occurrences best support the contention of the passage above?
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both us and Soviet union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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Terms in this set (28)
The blockade referred to by Deng Xiaoping in the first paragraph is best understood in which context?
cold war rivalries
Which cold war occurrences best support the contention of the passage above?
both us and Soviet union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
The global balance or power shown in the map reflects which change in the mid-20th century
Military and economic decline of western european colonial empire following the 2nd world war
which explains the political positions of most the nonaligned Asian and African States shown on the map
as former colonial territories they were wary of being dominated by another foreign power
the recommendation in the 2nd paragraph is best explained in which historical situations?
attempts by soviet officials to establish ideological ties w/ newly independent states.
which best explains the purpose of the argument expressed in the passage?
to influence us gov officials to adopt policies designed to avoid major war
which best explains how the circumstances of Kennan's service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the "Sovint structure of power" in the first paragraph
he witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further Centralize his power and use Russian Nationalism to mobilize the population
Which developments after 1945 challenges the author's assertion regarding the effects on Britain rule in India in the first two paragraphs ?
GB's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees
the fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to GB after the end of British rule could indirectly be used as evidence to support the author's arguments mostly because the migration of former colonial subjects to Imperial metropoles in the late 20th century demonstrate that
migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems brought to their colonies
The african maps explain which about Africa
why afican state building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries Inherited from the colonial era
Li Zhisui wrote his bibliography
Writing in the us years after the events he described is free to offer his honest opinion
Li Zhisures description of the actions as the loyal party secretaries
use of physical violence
Map shows the territorial arrangements in south africa that resulted from
Partition at the time of decolonization
The speech above by Nkrumah is best understood in
20th century transnational movements attempted to unite people across national boundaries
which of the following indirectly enabled the establishment of the government that provided the poster?
The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the first world war
Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage?
they show that in response to the disruptions of the great depression many political leaders sought as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life
The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that
governments across the political spectrum influenced by socialist economic and racial policies
which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet
British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protest against India's Iraq Muslim population
The ottoman empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because
it had lost significant territory to other European states in the 19th century
The treaties that settle the complex referred to in the passage most directly change the political structure of the middle east and which of the following ways
Allied powers received territorial mandates from the league of Nations
which of the following actually explains the historical significance of the harsh conditions imposed on Germany that the editorial describes?
They encourage a rise of political extremism in Germany
The mention of President Wilson's principles is most directly significant to understanding the editorial's point of you about the treaty of Versailles because of the United States president's commitment to
Broker a peace agreement and liberal principles that would be not motivated by revenge
which of the following developments during the second world war would Fank most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage
Ottoman Empire
Most Ottomans saw little need for the empire to change, because they benefited financially from the anarchy and the sultan’s lack of control. In addition, the ruling class was completely isolated from developments outside its own sphere; it assumed that the remedies to Ottoman decline lay entirely within Ottoman practice and experience. That resulted from the basic belief of Ottoman society in its own superiority over anything outsiders could possibly produce, a belief that had far more justification in the 16th century, when it arose, than in the 18th century. All of the advances in industrial and commercial life, science
Resistance to change
Most Ottomans saw little need for the empire to change, because they benefited financially from the anarchy and the sultan’s lack of control. In addition, the ruling class was completely isolated from developments outside its own sphere; it assumed that the remedies to Ottoman decline lay entirely within Ottoman practice and experience. That resulted from the basic belief of Ottoman society in its own superiority over anything outsiders could possibly produce, a belief that had far more justification in the 16th century, when it arose, than in the 18th century. All of the advances in industrial and commercial life, science and technology, and particularly political and military organization and techniques that had occurred in Europe since the Reformation were simply unknown to the Ottomans. The only direct Ottoman contacts with Europe were on the battlefield, where most Ottomans still assumed that their military reverses were caused not by the superiority of Western armies but rather by Ottoman failure to apply fully the techniques that had worked so well in the past. Thus, the 18th-century reforms largely paralleled those of the traditional Ottoman reformers of the 17th century, with only occasional efforts to add new military organizations and to make use of specific European weapons and techniques of undeniable superiority.
Contacts with the West
For some Ottomans, that isolation was at least partially broken down when some channels of contact opened with the West during the 18th century. A few Ottoman ambassadors went to Europe to participate in negotiations and sign treaties; more and more European merchants, travelers, and consuls came into the Ottoman Empire; a handful of Ottoman men of science and philosophy began to correspond with their Western counterparts; and members of the Ottoman minorities entered into correspondence with their relatives in the West. But such contacts had limited consequences: only a small number of Ottomans experienced them, and, even when they did learn something, the effect was quite superficial because the resulting information did not fit into the patterns of thought of even the most educated Ottomans. Those few who did understand something of what they heard usually were only voices in the wilderness, and their efforts to apply and disseminate the new knowledge had little overall effect. Such contacts led to nothing more than changes in the modes of living of a few upper-class Ottomans and to some military innovations.
Beginning in the so-called Tulip Period (1717–30), some Ottomans under the influence of the grand vizier İbrahim Paşa began to dress like Europeans, and the palace began to imitate European court life and pleasures. Sultan Ahmed III (ruled 1703–30) built several lavish summer residences on the Bosporus and the Golden Horn (an inlet that forms part of the harbour of Istanbul), and members of his immediate entourage built similarly lavish houses, holding frequent garden parties in imitation of the pleasures of Versailles in France. The sultan and his ministers were no longer confined behind the walls of the Topkapı palace in Istanbul. The new era was celebrated by Nedim, the court poet, whose poetry demonstrates a considerable awareness of his environment and an appreciation of nature. Growing tulips became an obsession with rich and poor alike, signifying Westernization, and the flower gave its name to the period. In 1727 Turkish-language books were printed for the first time in the empire, by a Hungarian convert who took the name İbrahim Müteferrika, and, though the press was closed at times—because of resentment on the part of the scribes, who feared being made obsolete—during the remainder of the century it provided a number of books on history and geography that further opened the minds of the literate.
Military reforms
As a result of contact with European armies and the influence of European renegades in Ottoman service, a few attempts were made during the 18th century to adopt Western-style uniforms, weapons, and tactics. Because the members of the established military corps could not and would not surrender their old ways, entirely new corps were formed to handle the new weapons under the direction of European instructors. The new corps had no effect at all on the Janissaries and the other older corps that continued to form the bulk of the army, however; the older corps accurately perceived that the new ways threatened their privileges and security. The new corps thus were essentially special mercenary bodies built up under the direction of individual Ottomans, lasting only so long as their patrons remained in power.
The most successful and lasting Ottoman military reform during that time came in the navy, which was modernized by the grand admiral Gazi Hasan Paşa (served 1770–89) with the support and encouragement of the sultan Abdülhamid I (ruled 1774–89); that success came largely because the Ottoman naval establishment was devastated in 1770 at the Battle of Çeşme by a Russian fleet that had sailed from the Baltic Sea, and there was none of the inbred resistance that stifled significant reforms elsewhere. Important reforms introduced into the army under the grand vizier Halil Hamid Paşa (served 1782–85), with the help of Western technicians, were limited to new corps specially created for the purpose. The bulk of the Ottoman army remained unchanged and therefore was more equipped to suppress reform at home than to challenge modern Western armies.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire Decline of the Ottoman Empire
After a long decline since the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in World War I when it was dismantled by the Allies after the war ended in 1918.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain why the Ottoman Empire lost power and prestige
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I in the 14th century and reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, stretching from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
In the 19th century, the empire faced challenges in defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation; it ceased to enter conflicts on its own and began to forge alliances with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, Britain, and Russia.
During the Tanzimat period of modernization, the government’s series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the decriminalization of homosexuality, and the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories.
The Ottoman Empire had long been the “sick man of Europe” and after a series of Balkan wars by 1914 was driven out of nearly all of Europe and North Africa.
The Second Constitutional Era began after the Young Turk Revolution (July 3, 1908) with the sultan’s announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman Parliament. This marked the beginning of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
The empire entered WWI as an ally of Germany, and its defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of the war resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France.
The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy and caliphate.
Key Terms
Tanzimat: Literally meaning “reorganization,” a period of reformation in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. This era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements from within and aggressive powers from outside of the state.Turkish War of Independence: A war fought between the Turkish nationalists and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western front, Armenia on the Eastern, France on the Southern and with them, the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) – after some parts of Turkey were occupied and partitioned following the Ottoman Empire’s defeat in World War I. It resulted in the founding of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy and caliphate.Young Turks: A political reform movement in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favored the replacement of the Ottoman Empire’s absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, they helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country’s history.
Overview: The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the Tanzimat. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century and joined World War I with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories.
The Empire’s defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy and caliphate.
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