texas annexation was not at the forefront of american politics until president john tyler used it as a rallying cry for his bid for reelection in 1844. identify the statements that correctly describe the reactions to the annexation of texas.
James
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get texas annexation was not at the forefront of american politics until president john tyler used it as a rallying cry for his bid for reelection in 1844. identify the statements that correctly describe the reactions to the annexation of texas. from EN Bilgi.
Milestones: 1830–1860
history.state.gov 3.0 shell
Home Milestones 1830-1860 The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1845–1848
MILESTONES: 1830–1860
NOTE TO READERS“Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations” has been retired and is no longer maintained. For more information, please see the full notice.
The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1845–1848
During his tenure, U.S. President James K. Polk oversaw the greatest territorial expansion of the United States to date. Polk accomplished this through the annexation of Texas in 1845, the negotiation of the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain in 1846, and the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848, which ended with the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.
The Battle of Veracruz
These events brought within the control of the United States the future states of Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Washington, and Oregon, as well as portions of what would later become Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming, and Montana.
Following Texas’ successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836, President Martin van Buren refrained from annexing Texas after the Mexicans threatened war. Accordingly, while the United States extended diplomatic recognition to Texas, it took no further action concerning annexation until 1844, when President John Tyler restarted negotiations with the Republic of Texas. His efforts culminated on April 12 in a Treaty of Annexation, an event that caused Mexico to sever diplomatic relations with United States. Tyler, however, lacked the votes in the Senate to ratify the treaty, and it was defeated by a wide margin in June. Shortly before he left office, Tyler tried again, this time through a joint resolution of both houses of Congress. With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, 1845, and Texas was admitted into the United States on December 29.
President John Tyler
While Mexico did not follow through with its threat to declare war if the United States annexed Texas, relations between the two nations remained tense due to Mexico’s disputed border with Texas. According to the Texans, their state included significant portions of what is today New Mexico and Colorado, and the western and southern portions of Texas itself, which they claimed extended to the Rio Grande River. The Mexicans, however, argued that the border only extended to the Nueces River, north of the Rio Grande.
In July, 1845, Polk, who had been elected on a platform of expansionism, ordered the commander of the U.S. Army in Texas, Zachary Taylor, to move his forces into the disputed lands that lay between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers. In November, Polk dispatched Congressman John Slidell to Mexico with instructions to negotiate the purchase of the disputed areas along the Texas-Mexican border, and the territory comprising the present-day states of New Mexico and California.
Following the failure of Slidell’s mission in May 1846, Polk used news of skirmishes inside disputed territory between Mexican troops and Taylor’s army to gain Congressional support for a declaration of war against Mexico. On May 13, 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico.
Following the capture of Mexico City in September 1847, Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of the Department of State and Polk’s peace emissary, began negotiations for a peace treaty with the Mexican Government under terms similar to those pursued by Slidell the previous year. Polk soon grew concerned by Trist’s conduct, however, believing that he would not press for strong enough terms from the Mexicans, and because Trist became a close friend of General Winfield Scott, a Whig who was thought to be a strong contender for his party’s presidential nomination for the 1848 election. Furthermore, the war had encouraged expansionist Democrats to call for a complete annexation of Mexico. Polk recalled Trist in October.
Chief Clerk of the Department of State, Nicholas Trist
Believing that he was on the cusp of an agreement with the Mexicans, Trist ignored the recall order and presented Polk with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, which was signed in Mexico City on February 2, 1848. Under the terms of the treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States approximately 525,000 square miles (55% of its prewar territory) in exchange for a $15 million lump sum payment, and the assumption by the U.S. Government of up to $3.25 million worth of debts owed by Mexico to U.S. citizens.
While Polk would have preferred a more extensive annexation of Mexican territory, he realized that prolonging the war would have disastrous political consequences and decided to submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification. Although there was substantial opposition to the treaty within the Senate, on March 10, 1848, it passed by a razor-thin margin of 38 to 14.
The war had another significant outcome. On August 8, 1846, Congressman David Wilmot introduced a rider to an appropriations bill that stipulated that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any territory acquired by the United States in the war against Mexico. While Southern senators managed to block adoption of the so-called “Wilmot Proviso,” it nonetheless provoked a political firestorm. The question of whether slavery could expand throughout the United States continue to fester until the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny was the 19th century U.S. belief that the country had a divine right to expand across and take over the continent.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Evaluate how the concept of manifest destiny shaped U.S. thought and movement
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
The concept of manifest destiny, coined by a newspaper editor, justified American expansion across the continent.
The phrase “manifest destiny” suggested that expansion across the American continent was obvious, inevitable, and a divine right of the United States.
Manifest destiny was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico.
While many writers focus primarily on U.S. expansionism when discussing manifest destiny, others see a broader expression of belief in the country’s “mission” in the world.
Key Terms
expansionism: A nation’s policy of broadening its territory or economic influence.manifest destiny: The political doctrine or belief held by the United States, particularly during its expansion, that the nation had a special role and divine right to expand westward and gain control over the continent.exceptionalism: In the United States, the belief that the nation does not conform to an established norm, and instead has a special and divine role to play.
American Expansionism
Manifest destiny was the 19th century U.S. belief that the country (and more specifically, the white Anglo-Saxon race within it) was destined to expand across the continent. Democrats used the term in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico. The concept was largely denounced by Whigs and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. Advocates of manifest destiny believed that expansion was not only wise, but that it was readily apparent (manifest) and could not be prevented (destiny).
The concept of U.S. expansionism is in fact much older. It is rooted in European nations’ early colonization of the Americas, the establishment of the United States by white Anglo-Saxons from England, and the continued wars against and forced removal of the American Indians indigenous to the lands. In 1845, John L. O’Sullivan, a New York newspaper editor, introduced the concept of “manifest destiny” in the July/August issue of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, in an article titled, “Annexation.” The term described the very popular idea of the special role of the United States in overtaking the continent—the divine right and duty of white Americans to seize and settle the continent’s western territory, thus spreading Protestant, democratic values.
Manifest Destiny and Politics
In this climate of opinion, voters in 1844 elected into the presidency James K. Polk, a slaveholder from Tennessee, because he vowed to annex Texas as a new slave state, and to take Oregon. “Manifest destiny” was a term Democrats primarily used to support the Polk Administration’s expansion plans. The idea of expansion was also supported by Whigs like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Abraham Lincoln, who wanted to expand the nation’s economy. John C. Calhoun was a notable Democrat who generally opposed his party on the issue, which fell out of favor by 1860.
Manifest destiny was a general notion rather than a specific policy. The term combined a belief in expansionism with other popular ideas of the era, including US exceptionalism and Romantic nationalism. While many writers have focused on US expansionism when discussing manifest destiny, others see in the term a broader expression of a belief in the United States’ “mission” in the world, which has meant different things to different people over the years. For example, the belief in an U.S. mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world, as expounded by Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson, continues to influence US political ideology to this day.
The angel Columbia was an image commonly used at the time to personify the United States. Originating from the name of Christopher Columbus, it was originally used for the 13 colonies and remained the dominant image for the female personification of the United States until the Statue of Liberty displaced it in the 1920s. During the era of manifest destiny, many images were produced of Columbia spreading democracy and other United States values across the western lands.
Oregon and the Overland Trails
The Oregon and Overland Trails were two principal routes that moved people and commerce from the east to the west in the 19th century.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Examine how establishment of the Oregon and Overland Trails enabled diverse groups to travel west
Source : courses.lumenlearning.com
Inquizitive 13 Flashcards
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Inquizitive 13
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Before Lincoln assumed office on March 4, 1861, seven northern states had formed the Confederate States of America, adopted a constitution, and chosen a new president.
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false
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Slavery had a disruptive impact on the traditional political parties and immediately caused political transformation in the mid-1850s. Identify the economic and social changes that led to the rise of the Republican Party.
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completion of the market revolution and industrialization
mass immigration from Europe
industrial economy
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Terms in this set (39)
Before Lincoln assumed office on March 4, 1861, seven northern states had formed the Confederate States of America, adopted a constitution, and chosen a new president.
false
Slavery had a disruptive impact on the traditional political parties and immediately caused political transformation in the mid-1850s. Identify the economic and social changes that led to the rise of the Republican Party.
completion of the market revolution and industrialization
mass immigration from Europe
industrial economy
When John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry failed and he was tried for treason, his last words before he was executed on December 2, 1859, were, "I . . . am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." What did his quotation foreshadow?
civil war
identify the statements that describe the results of the election of 1860.
-The Constitutional Union Party, which was quickly organized prior to the election, managed to come in third in both popular votes and electoral college votes
-Stephen Douglas, running as a northern Democrat, won the second-largest share of the popular vote
-Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge carried most of the South with 18 percent of the popular vote.
How did the Confederate States of America's constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America?
The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory.
What arguments did southerners advocating secession from the Union put forth?
-They were concerned that Republicans would extend their party into the South by appealing to non-slaveholders
-They were concerned about a Republican-dominated government and what it would mean for the South.
By 1856, the Republican Party was a coalition of antislavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings. The Republicans were a mixed group, but they all opposed the further expansion of slavery and quickly rose as the major alternative to the Democratic Party throughout the North. What was the Republican Party's platform and beliefs regarding slavery?
Slavery spawned a social order only consisting of degraded slaves, poor whites with no hope of advancement, and idle aristocrats.
"Free labor" northern society offered opportunity to move up in life by allowing the laborer to move up to the status of landowner or craftsman.
Republicans believed that "the Slave Power," the proslavery political leadership of the South, posed a greater danger to American liberty and aspirations than immigrants and Catholicism.
Read this excerpt from the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
Lincoln believed that the United States needed to serve as a model for the world to ensure that all men could find homes and improve their lives.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the Dred Scott decision.
1. illegal 2. free soil 3. only whites 4.unconstitutional 5.restricting
In what ways do the painting and engraving provide different viewpoints of the nation on the verge of civil war?
-The painting of the three women represents a harmonious balance between two very different regions—the North and the South
-The engraving of the rally in Savannah shows an uncompromising southern crowd demanding rights for their slave state.
The Free Soil Party wanted to stop the expansion of slavery into the West. Identify the reasons people supported the Free Soil Party platform.
Correct Answer(s)
-Northerners saw moving West as a form of economic betterment, so if the Free Soil Party blocked slavery's expansion, ordinary Americans wouldn't have to compete with plantations to have access to the land.
-The Free Soil platform appealed to racist thinking in the North as it did not include emancipation or equal rights
-the Free Soil Party would create more free states, which would break southern domination of the federal government.
By 1856, the Republican Party was a coalition of antislavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings. The Republicans were a mixed group, but they all opposed the further expansion of slavery and quickly rose as the major alternative to the Democratic Party throughout the North. What was the Republican Party's platform and beliefs regarding slavery?
Correct Answer(s)
Republicans believed that "the Slave Power," the proslavery political leadership of the South, posed a greater danger to American liberty and aspirations than immigrants and Catholicism.
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