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Microbiology Exam 4. Ch. 25 Flashcards

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Microbiology Exam 4. Ch. 25

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A. They bind to the Fc region of antibodies that opsonize the capsule.

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How do phagocytes overcome the immune protection that the bacterial capsule gives to pathogens?

A. They bind to the Fc region of antibodies that opsonize the capsule.

B. They bind to C3b complement factor on the surface of the capsule.

C. They release proteins that trigger apoptosis in the pathogen.

D. They recognize bacterial cell-surface structures.

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Study three figures of toxin:

Diphtheria toxin, Hemolysin, Cholera Toxin.

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A. They bind to the Fc region of antibodies that opsonize the capsule.

How do phagocytes overcome the immune protection that the bacterial capsule gives to pathogens?

A. They bind to the Fc region of antibodies that opsonize the capsule.

B. They bind to C3b complement factor on the surface of the capsule.

C. They release proteins that trigger apoptosis in the pathogen.

D. They recognize bacterial cell-surface structures.

Got it!

Study three figures of toxin:

Diphtheria toxin, Hemolysin, Cholera Toxin.

A. cell surface receptors.

Hosts differ in how susceptible they are to certain infections due to differences in

A. cell surface receptors.

B. cell types.

C. nonpilus adhesins.

D. the cell wall. A. LPS

Which of the following is NOT an exotoxin?

A. LPS

B. Hemolytic alpha toxin

C. Shiga toxin

D. RTX toxin that depolymerizes actin of the cytoskeleton

Primary Pathogen: Y.PEstis can... Can breach the...

Opportunistic: Requires a compromised... Staphylococcus aureus can...

Reservoir: Harbors the ... Includes birds for the...

Primary pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, and reservoirs are terms used to describe infections and infection cycles. Sort the descriptions of these terms:

Requires a compromised host, Harbors the infectious microbe, Includes birds for the eastern equine encephalitis virus, Yersinia pestis can survive in macrophages because it prevents lysosome/phagosome fusion in macrophages, Staphylococcus aureus can infect wounds in surgery patients, Can breach the healthy host's defenses.

Primary Pathogen, Opportunistic, Reservoir.

D. host cell attachment

A gene coding for __________ proteins is likely to be found in a genomic island of a pathogenic bacterial strain and NOT found in a nonpathogenic strain.

A. glucose transporter

B. tRNA amino acyl synthase

C. RNA polymerase

D. host cell attachment

B. the mouth

Foodborne pathogens likely use __________ as a portal of entry.

A. inhalation B. the mouth

C. the parenteral route

D. a wound

A. cannot grow outside the host cell.

An obligate intracellular pathogen like Rickettsia compares to a facultative one like Salmonella in that it

A. cannot grow outside the host cell.

B. is not as well adapted to survive within the host cell.

C. is an acidophile.

D. can escape the phagosome more readily than the facultative one.

direct airborne, respiratory.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the lungs and can spread to other organs from the lungs. When an infected individual coughs, the bacteria can enter the air and infect nearby individuals.

The mode of transmission for the M. tuberculosis pathogen is the

_____ route.

The portal of entry for M. tuberculosis is _____.

indirect vehicle, oral.

Typhoid Mary was a professional cook at the turn of the twentieth century who was an asymptomatic carrier of the bacteria Salmonella Typhi. She infected many people who ate at the eating establishments where she worked through contaminated food.

The mode of transmission for the S. Typhi pathogen is the _____ route.

The portal of entry for S. Typhi is _____.

indirect vector, parenteral.

Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of a tick.

The mode of transmission for the B. burgdorferi pathogen is the _____ route.

The portal of entry for B. burgdorferi is _____

B. They increase the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

Which of the following statements about virulence factors is true?

A. They are found in nonpathogenic strains of a microbe as well as pathogenic strains.

B. They increase the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

C. They always activate host defenses.

D. They are defined as being any genes that are required for microbial survival.

Escape Phagosome: Shigella and Listeria, Use hemolysins, Live in the cytoplasm.

Prevent Fusion: Include Salmonella and Legionella, Inhibit endosome..., Live in a vesicle like structure without ...

Grow in: prefer acidic conditions, include Coxiella, Live in a vesicle like structure with ....

Below are characteristics of intracellular pathogens that are not killed by the host phagolysosome. These pathogens use one of three mechanisms to accomplish this. They can escape the phagosome, inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion, or grow inside the phagolysosome. Determine which characteristics describe pathogens that use one of these mechanisms.

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Source : quizlet.com

Infectious Disease Emergence: Past, Present, and Future

Emerging infections, as defined by Stephen Morse of Columbia University in his contribution to this chapter, are infections that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range, including such previously unrecognized diseases as HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and Nipah virus encephalitis. Among his many contributions to efforts to recognize and address the threat of emerging infections, Lederberg co-chaired the committees that produced two landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports, Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (IOM, 1992) and Microbial Threats to Health (IOM, 2003), which provided a crucial framework for understanding the drivers of infectious disease emergence (Box WO-3 and Figure WO-13). As the papers in this chapter demonstrate, this framework continues to guide research to elucidate the origins of emerging infectious threats, to inform the analysis of recent patterns of disease emergence, and to identify risks for future disease emergence events so as to enable early detection and response in the event of an outbreak, and perhaps even predict its occurrence.

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Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation: A Tribute to the Life and Scientific Legacies of Joshua Lederberg: Workshop Summary.

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5Infectious Disease Emergence: Past, Present, and Future

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OVERVIEW

Emerging infections, as defined by Stephen Morse of Columbia University in his contribution to this chapter, are infections that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range, including such previously unrecognized diseases as HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and Nipah virus encephalitis. Among his many contributions to efforts to recognize and address the threat of emerging infections, Lederberg co-chaired the committees that produced two landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports, (IOM, 1992) and (IOM, 2003), which provided a crucial framework for understanding the drivers of infectious disease emergence (Box WO-3 and Figure WO-13). As the papers in this chapter demonstrate, this framework continues to guide research to elucidate the origins of emerging infectious threats, to inform the analysis of recent patterns of disease emergence, and to identify risks for future disease emergence events so as to enable early detection and response in the event of an outbreak, and perhaps even predict its occurrence.

In the chapter’s first paper, Morse describes two distinct stages in the emergence of infectious diseases: the introduction of a new infection to a host population, and the establishment within and dissemination from this population. He considers the vast and largely uncharacterized “zoonotic pool” of possible human pathogens and the increasing opportunities for infection presented by ecological upheaval and globalization. Using hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and H5N1 influenza as examples, Morse demonstrates how zoonotic pathogens gain access to human populations. While many zoonotic pathogens periodically infect humans, few become adept at transmitting or propagating themselves, Morse observes. Human activity, however, is making this transition increasingly easy by creating efficient pathways for pathogen transmission around the globe. “We know what is responsible for emerging infections, and should be able to prevent them,” he concludes, through global surveillance, diagnostics, research, and above all, the political will to make them happen.

The authors of the chapter’s second paper, workshop presenter Mark Woolhouse and Eleanor Gaunt of the University of Edinburgh, draw several general conclusions about the ecological origins of novel human pathogens based on their analysis of human pathogen species discovered since 1980. Using a rigorous, formal methodology, Woolhouse and Gaunt produced and refined a catalog of the nearly 1,400 recognized human pathogen species. A subset of 87 species have been recognized since 1980—and are currently thought to be “novel” pathogens. The authors note four attributes of these novel pathogens that they expect will describe most future emergent microbes: a preponderance of RNA viruses; pathogens with nonhuman animal reservoirs; pathogens with a broad host range; and pathogens with some (perhaps initially limited) potential for human-human transmission.

Like Morse, Woolhouse and Gaunt consider the challenges faced by novel pathogens to become established in a new host population and achieve efficient transmission, conceptualizing Morse’s observation that “many are called but few are chosen” in graphic form, as a pyramid. It depicts the approximately 1,400 pathogens capable of infecting humans, of which 500 are capable of human-to-human transmission, and among which fewer than 150 have the potential to cause epidemic or endemic disease; evolution—over a range of time scales—drives pathogens up the pyramid. The paper concludes with a discussion of the public health implications of the pyramid model, which suggests that ongoing global ecological change will continue to produce novel infectious diseases at or near the current rate of three per year.

In contrast to other contributors to this chapter, who focus on what, why, and where infectious diseases emerge, Jonathan Eisen, of the University of California, Davis, considers how new functions and processes evolve to generate novel pathogens. Eisen investigates the origin of microbial novelty by integrating evolutionary analyses with studies of genome sequences, a field he terms “phylogenomics.” In his essay, he illustrates the results of such analyses in a series of “phylogenomic tales” that describe the use of phylogenomics to predict the function of uncharacterized genes in a variety of organisms, and in elucidating the genetic basis of a complex symbiotic relationship involving three species.

Knowledge of microbial genomes, and the functions they encode, is severely limited, Eisen observes. Among 40 phyla of bacteria, for example, most of the available genomic sequences were from only three phyla; sequencing of Archaea and Eukaryote genomes has proceeded in a similarly sporadic manner. To fill these gaps in our knowledge of the “tree of life,” his group has begun an initiative called the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea. Eisen describes this effort and advocates the further integration of information on microbial phylogeny, genetic sequence, and gene function with biogeographical data, in order to produce a “field guide to microbes.”

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Source : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross Geographical Barriers

Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. This study was aimed at identifying some microbial communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local samples (Oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. Enterococcus was isolated from 20% of fruits and 42% of vegetables. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. Ninety-seven bacteria comprising 21 species were similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR to species level. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterobacter cloacae were the most abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. Phylogenetic trees showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the original countries of fresh produce. Intercountry passage of opportunistic pathogens in fresh produce cannot be ruled out, which requires better management.

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 |Article ID 4292417 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4292417

Zahra S. Al-Kharousi, Nejib Guizani, Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, Ismail M. Al-Bulushi, Baby Shaharoona, "Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross Geographical Barriers", , vol. 2016, Article ID 4292417, 14 pages, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4292417

Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross Geographical Barriers

Zahra S. Al-Kharousi,1 Nejib Guizani,1 Abdullah M. Al-Sadi,2 Ismail M. Al-Bulushi,1 and Baby Shaharoona3

1Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman

2Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman

3Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman

Academic Editor: Susana Merino

Published 16 Feb 2016

Abstract

Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. This study was aimed at identifying some microbial communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local samples (Oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of Enterobacteriaceae,, and. The isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. was isolated from 20% of fruits and 42% of vegetables. and were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. Ninety-seven bacteria comprising 21 species were similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR to species level.,,, and were the most abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. Phylogenetic trees showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the original countries of fresh produce. Intercountry passage of opportunistic pathogens in fresh produce cannot be ruled out, which requires better management.

1. Introduction

Being sources of high energy and rich in minerals, vitamins, fibers, and phenolics, fruits and vegetables constitute an important food group that has been linked to maintenance of well-being of individuals [1

V. Prasanna, T. N. Prabha, and R. N. Tharanathan, “Fruit ripening phenomena—an overview,” , vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2007.

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