molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. this prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. one immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of
James
Guys, does anyone know the answer?
get molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. this prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. one immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of from EN Bilgi.
The Nervous System
Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Get started for free!
QUIZ
The Nervous System
The Nervous System 64%
132 9th 9th Biology Susan Scoparino 2 years
20 Qs
1. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal
chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of
answer choices
the body to produce reproductive cells
cells to communicate with each other
cells to synthesize proteins
the body to convert inorganic material into organic nutrients
2. Multiple-choice 30 seconds
Q.
A process that occurs in the human body is represented in the diagram below. Which statement is most closely associated with the diagram?
answer choices
Small molecules are obtained from large molecules during digestion
Certain molecules are replicated by means of a template
Receptor molecules play an important role in communication between cells.
Energy from nutrients is utilized for waste disposal
3. Multiple-choice 30 seconds
Q.
Two types of human cells are shown in the diagram below. Cell A causes the cells at B to contract. This activity would be most useful for
answer choices
lifting a book from a bookshelf
coordinating the functions of organelles
digesting food in the small intestine
carrying out the process of protein synthesis
4. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Which statement accurately compares cells in the human circulatory system to cells in the human nervous system?
answer choices
Cells in the circulatory system carry out the same life function for the organism as cells in the nervous system.
Cells in the circulatory system are identical in structure to cells in the nervous system
Cells in the nervous system are different in structure from cells in the circulatory system, and they carry out different specialized functions
Cells in the nervous system act independently, but cells in the circulatory system function together.
5. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
In humans, one function of an interneuron is to relay impulses directly from
answer choices
receptors to the brain
receptors to other receptors
motor neurons to receptors
a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
6. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Which structures in a human transmit electrochemical messages?
answer choices veins lymphocytes neurons nephrons 7. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
In a simple spinal reflex, the pathway for an impulse is along a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron through
answer choices an effector a receptor an interneuron the brain 8. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
In order to stimulate an effector in a toe, which pathway does a nerve impulse follow after it is initiated at a receptor?
answer choices
interneuron →sensory neuron →motor neuron
interneuron →motor neuron →sensory neuron
sensory neuron →motor neuron →interneuron
sensory neuron →interneuron →motor neuron
9. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
A blind student runs his fingers along a page of braille. Another student reads a page printed in a textbook. Both students are able to obtain and process the information most directly as a result of the activities of the
answer choices
sensory neurons and cerebrum
involuntary muscles and cerebellum
interneurons and spinal cord
smooth muscles and medulla
10. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
In the human central nervous system, the medulla directly controls
answer choices voluntary activity memory
involuntary activity
balance 11. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Which portion of the central nervous system coordinates motor activities and aids in maintaining balance?
answer choices cerebrum cerebellum medulla spinal cord 12. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Which are the correct structure and function for the part indicated by letter B?
answer choices cerebrum → balance
cerebellum → muscle coordination
medulla → problem solving
spinal cord → reflex actions
13. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Which processes would most likely be affected if the part of the brain indicated by letter A was damaged?
answer choices
ability to contract muscles in the walls of arteries
reflex actions and involuntary behavior patterns
involuntary activities such as breathing and peristalsis
reasoning and speech
14. Multiple-choice 30 seconds Q.
Opiate drugs, such as heroin, imitate endorphins, which are a type of neurotransmitter that is naturally produced in the brain. How does heroin affect cellular communication in the brain?
Nervous System Questions Flashcards
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards terms like Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of..., Which structures in a human transmit electrochemical messages?, In the human central nervous system, the medulla directly controls... and more.
Nervous System Questions
14 studiers in the last day
Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of...
Click card to see definition 👆
Cells to communicate with each other
Click again to see term 👆
Which structures in a human transmit electrochemical messages?
Click card to see definition 👆
Neurons
Click again to see term 👆
1/12 Created by
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
Terms in this set (12)
Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of...
Cells to communicate with each other
Which structures in a human transmit electrochemical messages?
Neurons
In the human central nervous system, the medulla directly controls...
Involuntary activity
Which portion of the central nervous system coordinates motor activities and aids in maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
Which are the correct structure and function for the part indicated by letter B?
Spinal cord -> reflex actions
Which processes would most likely be affected if the part of the brain indicated by letter A was damaged?
Reasoning and speech
A man suffers a head injury in a car accident. For several days afterward, he has difficulty remembering phone numbers. This loss of
memory results from damage to the man's...
Cerebrum
An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood stimulates the respiratory center of the brain. As a result, impulses are sent from the...
medulla to the diaphragm, increasing the rate of breathing
Impulses originating in the part of the brain called the medulla would most directly affect which body structure?
The heart
Memory and thinking are most closely associated with which part of the central nervous system?
Cerebrum
The structure labeled X is most directly involved in the...
maintenance of coordination and balance
Rapid messages are sent from the brain to muscles and glands of the human body by way of the...
spinal cord and peripheral nervous system
Sets with similar terms
nervous system
18 terms christinahillery
PSYCH Chapter 2
96 terms jana_davenport
PSYCH 101 Chapter 2
96 terms dennishannah5
Ch 3 James W. Kalat- Bio Psych 2 Dr. Linda Mc…
63 terms juan_manuel_guevara
Sets found in the same folder
Nervous system
19 terms
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
APWH - Chapter 14 Review
10 terms allymanning
Biology of Humans "The Endocrine System"
64 terms miss_poodle22
Locomotion Practice Questions
13 terms DEREKFMETS
Other sets by this creator
Chapter 8 Accounting
27 terms
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
Vocab 1-5
58 terms
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
Lit Vocab Unit 1
12 terms
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
APES Acts and Agencies
7 terms
Kiersten_SweeneyPLUS
Verified questions
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
Verified answer
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Describe the structure of spongy bone. What are trabeculae? How do nutrients reach osteocytes in trabeculae?
Verified answer
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
If you were alternately contracting and relaxing your masseter muscle, what would you be doing? Name three other muscles of the face, and give the location and function of each.
Verified answer
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS? a. dura mater b. arachnoid mater c. subarachnoid d. pia mater
Verified answer
Other Quizlet sets
ch 14 physio
33 terms lupitaarroyo
Cardiovascular System: Section 3 (Quizzes)
11 terms KendraLongtin
phys unit III - cardiovascular
80 terms jenna_broihahn
Life Sciences Practice Test
61 terms Kayeatthey
Related questions
QUESTION
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve? What does it innervate?
11 answers QUESTION
What is the insertion of the infrahyoids?
12 answers QUESTION
what view is the deltoid ligament best seen from?
7 answers QUESTION
what types of pulp does the spleen have?
8 answers 1/6
Adenosine receptors as drug targets — what are the challenges?
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine ...
Nat Rev Drug Discov. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Apr; 12(4): 265–286.
doi: 10.1038/nrd3955
PMCID: PMC3930074
NIHMSID: NIHMS544219
PMID: 23535933
Adenosine receptors as drug targets — what are the challenges?
Jiang-Fan Chen,1 Holger K. Eltzschig,2 and Bertil B. Fredholm3
Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Nat Rev Drug Discov
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Associated Data
Supplementary Materials
Go to:
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors — either directly or indirectly — have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent — the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma) — has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
It is well known that adenosine is an important intermediary metabolite, acting as a building block for nucleic acids and a component of the biological energy currency ATP. In addition, adenosine functions as a signalling molecule through the activation of four distinct adenosine receptors — denoted A1, A2A, A2B and A3. These receptors are widely expressed and have been implicated in several biological functions, both physiological and pathological1,2. These include cardiac rhythm and circulation3,4, lipolysis5, renal blood flow6,7, immune function8, sleep regulation9,10 and angiogenesis11, as well as inflammatory diseases12,13, ischaemia-reperfusion14 and neurodegenerative disorders15 (TABLE 1,
,2 2).
Table 1
Examples of ongoing or recently completed Phase lib–III clinical trials targeting adenosine receptorsType of compound Pharmacology*
Ki Purpose or name of study Status ClinicalTrials.
gov identifer Refs A1: 77 nM A2A: 0.5 nM A222B: not determined
A3: 45 nM Protection from liver ischaemia
following liver surgery Ongoing NCT00760708 2,18
Postconditioning after STEMI Ongoing NCT00284323
Pretreatment before stenting Ongoing NCT00612521
Does intradermal adenosine
release VEGF and cytokines? Suspended
for
re-evaluation NCT00580905
A1: >10,000 nM A2A: 290 nM A2B: >10,000 nM
A3: >10,000 nM Is regadenoson superior to
adenosine for myocardial
perfusion imaging? Completed NCT00208312 18,146,
191
Myocardial perfusion magnetic
resonance imaging using
regadenoson Completed NCT00881218
ASPECT study: effectiveness of
apadenoson in SPECT imaging
compared to adenosine Completed NCT01085201
Regadenoson approved for
treatment of sickle cell anaemia Recruiting NCT01566890
Regadenoson blood flow in
type 1 diabetes (RABIT1D) Completed NCT01019486
No data available Analgesic effect of GW493838
in postherpetic neuralgia or
peripheral nerve injury Discontinued NCT00376454 2,18,275
Tolerability and safety of
INO 8875 in glaucoma and
ocular hypertension Discontinued NCT01123785
CF101: A1: 51 nM A2A: 2,900 nM A2B: 11,000 nM A3:1.8 nM C3F102: A1: 220 nM A2A: 5,360 nM A2B: >10,000 nM
A3: 1.4 nM Safety and efficacy of CF101
in psoriasis Completed NCT00428974 2,18,37,
146,147
Safety and efficacy of CF101
in rheumatoid arthritis Completed NCT00556894
Safety and efficacy of CF102
in liver cancer Ongoing NCT00790218
A1: 10,700 nM A2A: 23,400 nM A2B: 33,800 nM
A3:13,300 nM Treatment of apnoea of
prematurity and dose study Currently
recruiting
participants NCT01408173 2,18,
223,224
Treatment of apnoea of
prematurity and dose study Currently
recruiting
participants NCT01349205
Cognitive long-term effects of
caffeine in premature infants Currently
recruiting
participants NCT00809055
Caffeine for motor manifestations
of Parkinson’s disease Completed NCT01190735
Caffeine for excessive daytime
somnolence in Parkinson’s disease Completed NCT00459420
Tonapofylline: A1: 7.4 nM A2A: 6,410 nM A2B: 90 nM A3: >10,000 nM Rolofylline: A1: 0.72 nM A2A: 108 nM A2B: 296 nM
A3:4390 nM Safety and tolerability of
intravenously administered
tonapofylline in individuals with
acute decompensated heart
failure and renal insufficiency
(TRIDENT-1) Discontinued NCT00709865 2,18,
Guys, does anyone know the answer?