indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right.
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get indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right. from EN Bilgi.
What is the path of urine through the urinary system?
From the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder; from there through the urethra to be expelled from the body. Urine is formed after a process of glomerular filtration in the kidneys. This urine is then conducted through the ureters, twin muscular tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder, a storage chamber. The bladder is a muscular chamber that expands as urine fills it. From the bladder, a muscular tube, the urethra connects to the outside. The urethra , an internal sphincter at the junction of the urethra and bladder, and an external sphincter comprising the pelvic floor muscles, keep the urine in the bladder till it is ready to expel the urine. For urination, the bladder walls contract and the urethra and sphincter muscles relax, to allow urine to flow out from the urethra.
What is the path of urine through the urinary system?
Anatomy & Physiology Digestive and Excretory Systems Excretory System
2 Answers
Suren Abreu Jun 13, 2017
From the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder; from there through the urethra to be expelled from the body.
Explanation:
Urine is formed after a process of glomerular filtration in the kidneys.
This urine is then conducted through the ureters, twin muscular tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder, a storage chamber.
The bladder is a muscular chamber that expands as urine fills it.
From the bladder, a muscular tube, the urethra connects to the outside.
The urethra , an internal sphincter at the junction of the urethra and bladder, and an external sphincter comprising the pelvic floor muscles, keep the urine in the bladder till it is ready to expel the urine.
For urination, the bladder walls contract and the urethra and sphincter muscles relax, to allow urine to flow out from the urethra.
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Mandira P. · Anonymous
Jun 13, 2017
Renal tubules of nephron
→ Collecting ducts → Papillary ducts → Minor calyces → Major calyces → Pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder → Urethra
Explanation:
Urine is formed by thousands of nephrons present inside the paired kidneys and it is passed down the ureters, there from to the urinary bladder. Now how is it formed?
Urine is formed when the blood reaches the malpighian corpuscle that is composed of the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. Here most of the blood plasma is filtered out into the Bowman's capsule.
Glomerular filtrate is taken down the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Most of the water, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed here. Active as well as passive reabsorption occurs here.
The resulting fluid passes down the loop of Henle . Electrolytes like Na+ and K+ are reabsorbed here.
All the absorbed materials enter the peritubular capillaries.
The fluid then passes on to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Tubular secretion takes place here.
This fluid then passes on to the collecting duct where the tissues reabsorb some urea from it. A lot of water gets reabsorbed along collecting duct and urine becomes concentrated.
Several such collecting ducts meet to pour their fluids - now known as urine - into the Papillary duct, also known as duct of Bellini .
Papillary ducts open at the apex of renal pyramid where urine gets collected in minor calyx, later in major calyx. Calyces open in pelvis , located inside hilum of kidney.
Pelvis gives rise to duct like outlet called ureter which travels out of kidney through hilum. The ureter of each side meets the urinary bladder and pours urine into it.
When the bladder is full, the stretch receptors come to work and send the signal to brain and we feel the urge to micturate. The outlet that travels from bladder is called urethra . There are sphincters to control opening of urethral opening to void urine outside the body.
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Urine Creation
There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body.
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion: The Three Steps of Urine Formation
The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete them. There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body.
1. The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other Substances from the Bloodstream
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.
2. The Filtration Membrane Keeps Blood Cells and Large Proteins in the Bloodstream
Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.
3. Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the Bloodstream
The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.
4. Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from the Blood Complete the Formation of Urine
The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.
5. Urine Is 95% Water
The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted.
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External Sources
“What’s in Your Pee?” from Popular Science.
An overview of nephron and kidney histology from the Histology Guide (a publication of the University of Leeds).
Visible Body Web Suite provides in-depth coverage of each body system in a guided, visually stunning presentation.
Glomerular Diseases
Defines the two major categories of glomerular diseases––glomerulosclerosis and glomerulonephritis––and describes how they interfere with kidney function.
Glomerular Diseases
On this page:What are the kidneys and what do they do?
How do glomerular diseases interfere with kidney function?
What are the symptoms of glomerular disease?
How is glomerular disease diagnosed?
What causes glomerular disease?
What are kidney failure and end-stage renal disease?
Many diseases affect kidney function by attacking the glomeruli, the tiny units within the kidney where blood is cleaned. Glomerular diseases include many conditions with a variety of genetic and environmental causes, but they fall into two major categories:
Glomerulonephritis describes the inflammation of the membrane tissue in the kidney that serves as a filter, separating wastes and extra fluid from the blood.
Glomerulosclerosis describes the scarring or hardening of the tiny blood vessels within the kidney.
Although glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis have different causes, they can both lead to kidney failure.
What are the kidneys and what do they do?
The two kidneys are bean-shaped organs located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.
Blood enters the kidneys through arteries that branch inside the kidneys into tiny clusters of looping blood vessels. Each cluster is called a glomerulus, which comes from the Greek word meaning filter. The plural form of the word is glomeruli. There are approximately 1 million glomeruli, or filters, in each kidney. The glomerulus is attached to the opening of a small fluid-collecting tube called a tubule. Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, and extra fluid and wastes pass into the tubule and become urine. Eventually, the urine drains from the kidneys into the bladder through larger tubes called ureters.
In the nephron (left), tiny blood vessels intertwine with fluid-collecting tubes. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.
Each glomerulus-and-tubule unit is called a nephron. Each kidney is composed of about 1 million nephrons. In healthy nephrons, the glomerular membrane that separates the blood vessel from the tubule allows waste products and extra water to pass into the tubule while keeping blood cells and protein in the bloodstream.
How do glomerular diseases interfere with kidney function?
Glomerular diseases damage the glomeruli, letting protein and sometimes red blood cells leak into the urine. Sometimes a glomerular disease also interferes with the clearance of waste products by the kidney, so they begin to build up in the blood. Furthermore, loss of blood proteins like albumin in the urine can result in a fall in their level in the bloodstream. In normal blood, albumin acts like a sponge, drawing extra fluid from the body into the bloodstream, where it remains until the kidneys remove it. But when albumin leaks into the urine, the blood loses its capacity to absorb extra fluid from the body. Fluid can accumulate outside the circulatory system in the face, hands, feet, or ankles and cause swelling.
What are the symptoms of glomerular disease?
The signs and symptoms of glomerular disease include
albuminuria: large amounts of protein in the urinehematuria: blood in the urinereduced glomerular filtration rate: inefficient filtering of wastes from the bloodhypoproteinemia: low blood proteinedema: swelling in parts of the bodyOne or more of these symptoms can be the first sign of kidney disease. But how would you know, for example, whether you have proteinuria? Before seeing a doctor, you may not. But some of these symptoms have signs, or visible manifestations:
Proteinuria may cause foamy urine.
Blood may cause the urine to be pink or cola-colored.
Edema may be obvious in hands and ankles, especially at the end of the day, or around the eyes when awakening in the morning, for example.
How is glomerular disease diagnosed?
Patients with glomerular disease have significant amounts of protein in the urine, which may be referred to as "nephrotic range" if levels are very high. Red blood cells in the urine are a frequent finding as well, particularly in some forms of glomerular disease. Urinalysis provides information about kidney damage by indicating levels of protein and red blood cells in the urine. Blood tests measure the levels of waste products such as creatinine and urea nitrogen to determine whether the filtering capacity of the kidneys is impaired. If these lab tests indicate kidney damage, the doctor may recommend ultrasound or an x-ray to see whether the shape or size of the kidneys is abnormal. These tests are called renal imaging. But since glomerular disease causes problems at the cellular level, the doctor will probably also recommend a kidney biopsy—a procedure in which a needle is used to extract small pieces of tissue for examination with different types of microscopes, each of which shows a different aspect of the tissue. A biopsy may be helpful in confirming glomerular disease and identifying the cause.
What causes glomerular disease?
A number of different diseases can result in glomerular disease. It may be the direct result of an infection or a drug toxic to the kidneys, or it may result from a disease that affects the entire body, like diabetes or lupus. Many different kinds of diseases can cause swelling or scarring of the nephron or glomerulus. Sometimes glomerular disease is idiopathic, meaning that it occurs without an apparent associated disease.
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