in which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
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21.1. Overview of the Circulatory System – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition
21.1. OVERVIEW OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe an open and closed circulatory system
Describe interstitial fluid and hemolymph
Compare and contrast the organization and evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system.
In all animals, except a few simple types, the circulatory system is used to transport nutrients and gases through the body. Simple diffusion allows some water, nutrient, waste, and gas exchange into primitive animals that are only a few cell layers thick; however, bulk flow is the only method by which the entire body of larger more complex organisms is accessed.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The circulatory system is effectively a network of cylindrical vessels: the arteries, veins, and capillaries that emanate from a pump, the heart. In all vertebrate organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a closed-loop system, in which the blood is not free in a cavity. In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels and circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returns to the heart again, as illustrated in Figure 21.2a. As opposed to a closed system, arthropods—including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks—have an open circulatory system, as illustrated in Figure 21.2b. In an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels but is pumped into a cavity called a hemocoel and is called hemolymph because the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. As the heart beats and the animal moves, the hemolymph circulates around the organs within the body cavity and then reenters the hearts through openings called ostia. This movement allows for gas and nutrient exchange. An open circulatory system does not use as much energy as a closed system to operate or to maintain; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen. In fact, one reason that insects with wing spans of up to two feet wide (70 cm) are not around today is probably because they were outcompeted by the arrival of birds 150 million years ago. Birds, having a closed circulatory system, are thought to have moved more agilely, allowing them to get food faster and possibly to prey on the insects.
Figure 21.2. In (a) closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body. Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, like this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system. In (b) open circulatory systems, a fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties into the body cavity. Hemolymph returns to the blood vessel through openings called ostia. Arthropods like this bee and most mollusks have open circulatory systems.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VARIATION IN ANIMALS
The circulatory system varies from simple systems in invertebrates to more complex systems in vertebrates. The simplest animals, such as the sponges (Porifera) and rotifers (Rotifera), do not need a circulatory system because diffusion allows adequate exchange of water, nutrients, and waste, as well as dissolved gases, as shown in Figure 21.3a. Organisms that are more complex but still only have two layers of cells in their body plan, such as jellies (Cnidaria) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) also use diffusion through their epidermis and internally through the gastrovascular compartment. Both their internal and external tissues are bathed in an aqueous environment and exchange fluids by diffusion on both sides, as illustrated in Figure 21.3b. Exchange of fluids is assisted by the pulsing of the jellyfish body.
Figure 21.3. Simple animals consisting of a single cell layer such as the (a) sponge or only a few cell layers such as the (b) jellyfish do not have a circulatory system. Instead, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged by diffusion.
For more complex organisms, diffusion is not efficient for cycling gases, nutrients, and waste effectively through the body; therefore, more complex circulatory systems evolved. Most arthropods and many mollusks have open circulatory systems. In an open system, an elongated beating heart pushes the hemolymph through the body and muscle contractions help to move fluids. The larger more complex crustaceans, including lobsters, have developed arterial-like vessels to push blood through their bodies, and the most active mollusks, such as squids, have evolved a closed circulatory system and are able to move rapidly to catch prey. Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptation during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. Figure 21.4 illustrates the basic circulatory systems of some vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
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Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?
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Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.
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Which statement about lipoproteins is correct?
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High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.
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Terms in this set (85)
Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?
Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.
Which statement about lipoproteins is correct?
High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.
Select the correct statement about capillary beds.
Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
How are gases transported in insect bodies?
In tracheal systems
A paleontologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the
animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.
A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of
skin cancer.
In which of the following animals are the circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?
grasshoppers
Which of the following best describes an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as
simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.
Circulatory systems compensate for
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.
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Which of the following best describes an artery?
A) Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
B) Arteries carry blood away from capillaries.
C) Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
D) Arteries have thin walls compared with veins.
A
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.
A) branched tracheae
B) an open circulatory system
C) a closed circulatory system
D) a gastrovascular cavity
C
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
A) insects B) fishes C) annelids D) frogs D
The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____.
A) amphibians B) fishes C) mammals D) reptiles B
Circulatory systems compensate for _____.
A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue
B) the need to cushion animals from trauma
C) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
D) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system
C
In an open circulatory system, blood is _____.
A) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
B) always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems
C) not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems
D) always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
A
Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
A) aorta
B) pulmonary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) aorta and pulmonary arteries
E) aorta and pulmonary veins
C
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
A) right atrium B) left atrium C) aorta
D) capillaries of the lungs
E) inferior vena cava
B
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
A) right atrium B) left atrium C) aorta
D) capillaries of the lungs
E) inferior vena cava
A
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
A) right atrium B) left atrium C) aorta
D) capillaries of the lungs
E) inferior vena cava
E
What is the function of a circulatory system?
A) It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood.
B) It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air.
C) It is the site of blood cell production.
D) It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.
D
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?
A) Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body.
B) The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
C) The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body.
D) Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body.
B True or false?
The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
False
What is the function of the left ventricle?
A) It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation.
B) It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.
C) It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
D) It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
B
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?
A) During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract.
B) Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium.
C) Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
D) As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
C
Which event occurs first during diastole?
A) The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
B) The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
C) The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
D) Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract.
A
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?
A) The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
B) The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
C) The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
Guys, does anyone know the answer?