if the united states was to be partitioned in the same way india was, the partition would be based on
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Partition of India
Partition of India
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Prevailing religions of the British Indian Empire (1901)
Date 15 August 1947
Location Indian Subcontinent
Cause Indian Independence Act 1947
Outcome Partition of British Indian Empire into two independent Dominions, India and Pakistan, sectarian violence, religious cleansing and refugee crises
Deaths 200,000 to 2 million deaths[1][a]
10 to 20 million displaced[2][3][4][5][b]
British Indian Empire in , 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow.
The partition of India in 1947 divided British India[c] into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan.[6] The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and Punjab, based on district-wide non-Muslim or Muslim majorities. The partition also saw the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Royal Indian Air Force, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury. The partition was outlined in the and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, i.e. Crown rule in India. The two self-governing independent Dominions of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 15 August 1947.
The partition displaced between 10 and 20 million people along religious lines, creating overwhelming calamity in the newly-constituted dominions.[2][3][4][5] It is often described as one of the largest refugee crises in history. There was large-scale violence, with estimates of the loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million.[1][a] The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects their relationship to this day.
The term does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, nor the earlier separations of Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the administration of British India.[d] The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions, nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Jammu and Kashmir, though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961. Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947—the Kingdom of Sikkim, Kingdom of Bhutan, Kingdom of Nepal, Kingdom of Afghanistan and the Maldives—were unaffected by the partition.[e]
Among princely states, the violence was often highly organised with the involvement or complicity of the rulers. It is believed that in the Sikh states (except for Jind and Kapurthala), the Maharajas were complicit in the ethnic cleansing of Muslims, while other Maharajas such as those of Patiala, Faridkot, and Bharatpur were heavily involved in ordering them. The ruler of Bharatpur, in particular, is said to have witnessed the ethnic cleansing of his population, especially at places such as Deeg.[11]
Contents
1 Background, pre-World War II (1905–1938)
1.1 Partition of Bengal: 1905
1.2 World War I, Lucknow Pact: 1914–1918
1.3 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms: 1919
1.4 Introduction of the two-nation theory: 1924
1.5 Muslim homeland, provincial elections: 1930–1938
2 Background, during and post-World War II (1939–1947)
2.1 August Offer, Churchill proposal: 1940–1942
2.2 Quit India Resolution
2.3 1946 Election
2.4 Cabinet Mission: July 1946
2.5 Direct Action Day: August 1946
2.6 Plan for partition: 1946–1947
2.6.1 Proposal of the
2.6.2 Radcliffe Line
2.7 Independence: 1947
3 Geographic partition, 1947
3.1 Mountbatten Plan
3.2 Punjab Boundary Commission
4 Independence, population transfer and violence
5 Regions affected by Partition
5.1 Punjab 5.2 Bengal
5.2.1 Chittagong Hill Tracts
5.3 Sindh 5.4 Gujarat 5.5 Delhi 5.6 Princely States
5.6.1 Alwar and Bharatpur
5.6.2 Jammu and Kashmir
6 Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951
6.1 Resettlement in India
6.2 Resettlement in Pakistan
6.2.1 Data 7 Missing people
8 Rehabilitation of women
9 Post-partition migration
9.1 Pakistan 9.2 India
9.2.1 Post-partition migration to India from East Pakistan
10 Documentation efforts and oral history
11 Perspectives
12 Artistic depictions of the partition
12.1 Literature 12.2 Film 12.3 Art
World Civ
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards terms like One of Jawaharlal Nehru's first duties as India's Prime Minister was to ... ? - A) end fighting between Muslims and Hindus. B) relocate the post-partition refugees. C) improve living standards for Indians. D) establish a state religion in India., Why is Gandhi considered one of the most influential people of the twentieth century? - A) He led India to independence from Britain. B) He inspired other leaders to be non-violent. C) He showed true leadership by risking jail for his beliefs. D) He overthrew the British government in battle., If the United States was to be partitioned in the same way India was, the partition would be based on ... ? - A) economic classes. B) religious groupings. C) social castes. D) occupational divisions. and more.
World Civ - Indian Independence
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One of Jawaharlal Nehru's first duties as India's Prime Minister was to ... ?
-
A) end fighting between Muslims and Hindus.
B) relocate the post-partition refugees.
C) improve living standards for Indians.
D) establish a state religion in India.
Click card to see definition 👆
C) improve living standards for Indians.
Click again to see term 👆
Why is Gandhi considered one of the most influential people of the twentieth century?
-
A) He led India to independence from Britain.
B) He inspired other leaders to be non-violent.
C) He showed true leadership by risking jail for his beliefs.
D) He overthrew the British government in battle.
Click card to see definition 👆
B) He inspired other leaders to be non-violent.
Click again to see term 👆
1/10 Created by TriggeredChiken
Terms in this set (10)
One of Jawaharlal Nehru's first duties as India's Prime Minister was to ... ?
-
A) end fighting between Muslims and Hindus.
B) relocate the post-partition refugees.
C) improve living standards for Indians.
D) establish a state religion in India.
C) improve living standards for Indians.
Why is Gandhi considered one of the most influential people of the twentieth century?
-
A) He led India to independence from Britain.
B) He inspired other leaders to be non-violent.
C) He showed true leadership by risking jail for his beliefs.
D) He overthrew the British government in battle.
B) He inspired other leaders to be non-violent.
If the United States was to be partitioned in the same way India was, the partition would be based on ... ?
-
A) economic classes.
B) religious groupings.
C) social castes.
D) occupational divisions.
B) religious groupings.
Why did Gandhi encourage Indians to weave their own cloth?
-
A) Textiles were a major source of income for Britain.
B) To encourage the self-sufficiency of his people.
C) To increase India's ability to export goods.
D) Gandhi wanted to increase national pride.
A) Textiles were a major source of income for Britain.
Why was the Salt March a turning point in India's struggle for independence?
-
A) The British finally caved to Gandhi's protest strategies.
B) A foreign journalist gave the story an international audience.
C) Gandhi was jailed for his role, which put a stop to the quest for independence.
D) The press refused to cover the story, so no one came to India's aid.
B) A foreign journalist gave the story an international audience.
During World War II, the Indian National Congress told citizens to ... ?
-
A) refuse to vote in elections.
B) purchase only British goods.
C) pay their taxes on time.
D) boycott Gandhi's protests.
A) refuse to vote in elections.
Indira Gandhi became India's first female prime minister because ... ?
-
A) her father named her as his successor.
B) the people of India voted her in.
C) she was next in line after her father's assassination.
D) she was thought to be someone who could modernize India.
B) the people of India voted her in.
Which of the following is the best example of civil disobedience?
-
A) refusing to pay taxes because you disapprove of how the money is being used by the government
B) not paying for a shirt at the store because you feel it was a product of child labor
C) driving through stop signs because you believe there are too many in your neighborhood
D) protesting outside the local jail because you feel inmates are being treated unfairly
A) refusing to pay taxes because you disapprove of how the money is being used by the government
The refugee crisis that occurred in India after its partition was a result of ... ?
-
A) too many people trying to relocate at one time.
B) a citizen-led protest of the partitioning.
C) the Muslim-Hindu riots and violence.
D) not enough land being given to Muslims.
A) too many people trying to relocate at one time.
Who made the following statement regarding the partitioning of India?
"Those who demand separation would, in the end, suffer most for it . . . "
- A) Mahatma Gandhi
B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
C) Jawarharlal Nehru
D) Indira Gandhi
C) Jawarharlal Nehru
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How the Partition of India happened – and why its effects are still felt today
As the British Empire became an unaffordable burden, planning for India’s independence quickly ran into trouble.
How the Partition of India happened – and why its effects are still felt today
Published: August 10, 2017 11.21am BST
Sarah Ansari, Royal Holloway University of London
Mahatma Gandhi with Lord and Lady Mountbatten, 1947. Wikimedia Commons
“Partition” – the division of British India into the two separate states of India and Pakistan on August 14-15, 1947 – was the “last-minute” mechanism by which the British were able to secure agreement over how independence would take place. At the time, few people understood what Partition would entail or what its results would be, and the migration on the enormous scale that followed took the vast majority of contemporaries by surprise.
The main vehicle for nationalist activity was the Indian National Congress, whose best-known leaders included Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Even before the 1940s, it had long argued for a unitary state with a strong centre; even though Congress was ostensibly secular in its objectives, organisations representing minority interests increasingly viewed this idea with suspicion, believing that it would entrench the political dominance of Hindus, who made up about 80% of the population.
At around 25% of its population, Muslims were British India’s largest religious minority. Under imperial rule, they had grown accustomed to having their minority status protected by a system of reserved legislative seats and separate electorates. The British system of political control hinged on identifying interest groups willing to collaborate, a governing style often described as “divide and rule”.
The prospect of losing this protection as independence drew closer worried more and more Muslims, first in parts of northern India, and then, after World War II, in the influential Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Punjab. In 1945-6, the All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, won a majority of Muslim votes in provincial elections. This strengthened the party’s claim to speak for a substantial proportion of, but never all, the subcontinent’s Muslims.
Then came World War II – and suddenly, the political stakes in India were considerably higher.
The end of the Raj
When Britain took India into the war without consultation in 1939, Congress opposed it; large nationalist protests ensued, culminating in the 1942 Quit India movement, a mass movement against British rule. For their part in it, Gandhi and Nehru and thousands of Congress workers were imprisoned until 1945.
Meanwhile, the British wartime need for local allies gave the Muslim League an opening to offer its cooperation in exchange for future political safeguards. In March 1940, the Muslim League’s “Pakistan” resolution called for the creation of “separate states” – plural, not singular – to accommodate Indian Muslims, whom it argued were a separate “nation”.
Historians are still divided on whether this rather vague demand was purely a bargaining counter or a firm objective. But while it may have been intended to solve the minority issue, it ended up aggravating it instead.
After the war, Attlee’s Labour government in London recognised that Britain’s devastated economy could not cope with the cost of the over-extended empire. A Cabinet Mission was dispatched to India in early 1946, and Attlee described its mission in ambitious terms:
My colleagues are going to India with the intention of using their utmost endeavours to help her to attain her freedom as speedily and fully as possible. What form of government is to replace the present regime is for India to decide; but our desire is to help her to set up forthwith the machinery for making that decision.
An act of parliament proposed June 1948 as the deadline for the transfer of power. But the Mission failed to secure agreement over its proposed constitutional scheme, which recommended a loose federation; the idea was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League, which vowed to agitate for “Pakistan” by any means possible.
All the while, communal violence was escalating. In August 1946, the Great Calcutta Killing left some 4,000 people dead and a further 100,000 homeless.
By March 1947, a new viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten, arrived in Delhi with a mandate to find a speedy way of bringing the British Raj to an end. On June 3, he announced that independence would be brought forward to August that year, presenting politicians with an ultimatum that gave them little alternative but to agree to the creation of two separate states.
Pakistan – its eastern and western wings separated by around 1,700 kilometres of Indian territory – celebrated independence on August 14 that year; India did so the following day. The new borders, which split the key provinces of the Punjab and Bengal in two, were officially approved on August 17. They had been drawn up by a Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe, who later admitted that he had relied on out-of-date maps and census materials.
Torn apart
Partition triggered riots, mass casualties, and a colossal wave of migration. Millions of people moved to what they hoped would be safer territory, with Muslims heading towards Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs in the direction of India. As many as 14-16m people may have been eventually displaced, travelling on foot, in bullock carts and by train.
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