how was the buchenwald concentration camp different from treblinka and auschwitz
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Auschwitz: The similar and the unique characteristic aspects of the largest German
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2 The Nazi Camps and the Persecution and Murder of the Jews
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Auschwitz: The similar and the unique characteristic aspects of the largest German-Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp
Auschwitz, besides being the biggest Nazi-German concentration and extermination camp, has become a symbol for the Holocaust in general, and for the "Final Solution" in particular. In order to understand why Auschwitz, of all the extermination camps, has become the most known as well as a symbol for the Holocaust, it may be helpful to have a closer look into the special role of Auschwitz among all six extermination camps. This article describes the uniqueness of Auschwitz by comparing it to the five other extermination camps: Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor and Majdanek. Because Auschwitz and the other five extermination camps have many common denominators, we should mention these aspects in the first part of this article.
Auschwitz was established by the Germans in 1940 as a concentration camp for the local Polish population. Later it expanded and its first sub camp, Birkenau, was built, as a huge POW camp for Soviet Prisoners of War. In autumn 1941 the main camp, Stammlager Auschwitz, began to function also as the site where the "Final Solution" – the annihilation of the Jewish People - was implemented. The death installations were moved in the beginning of 1942 to Birkenau, which from that year on was the biggest extermination camp of Nazi Germany. During 1942 the murder took place in two relativly primitive installations ("The Bunkers"), later, in spring 1943, four modern gas chambers and crematories started to operate. Thus Auschwitz-Birkenau became the biggest extermination camp in Europe, working in the patterns of a production line.
Parallel to it, from 1941 Auschwitz also became an industrial center, manufacturing for the military and civilian needs of Germany. Many firms, like IG-Farben, Siemens, Krupp, Volkswagen and others had their branches in the area of Auschwitz, employing thousands of slave-prisoners.
In its five years of existence, Auschwitz, which in 1943 became an imperium containing no less than 44 sub-camps, had altogether 5 different functions: a concentration camp, a slave labor camp, a transit camp, a POW-camp for Soviet Prisoners, and an extermination camp.
The Red Army liberated the camp on 27 January 1945.
The common denominators between Auschwitz and the other extermination camps are:
State within a state. The camps were ruled and managed by the SS solely and exclusively and no outer institution was allowed to intervene or supervise. The lack of supervision enabled staff members of the camps to execute their cruelest tendencies and ambitions and never have to pay for their crimes.
Total loss of sanctity of life. As an extreme contradiction to the external world in the Nazi camp system, human life had no value. It can even be said that death was developed into an art and an ideal.
Inhumane policy toward the prisoners. A policy of a inhumane attitude toward the prisoners, which robbed them of minimal human dignity, minimal living, nutritive and sanitary conditions, ruining their inner spiritual capability, exploiting their bodily power and killing them by various methods, prevailed in all extermination camps.
Inversion of values. The ideology of the SS behind ruling the camps was to create a completely different scale of values, most of them opposite of the normative values known before the Holocaust.
Humiliation. Humiliating and degrading the prisoners was permanently enacted and perpetrated in order to remove the human identity of the prisoners, male and female alike.
Secrecy. There was a policy of deceit in order to hide the traces of the crimes and to remove all evidence. Before evacuating the camp, the authorities utilized the work of the prisoners in order to try to eliminate all evidence of criminality. Secrecy was also enacted in order to minimize the suspicion of the people sentenced to death in the killing installations (showerheads, undressing halls, etc.)
Chaos. Introducing a chaotic reality was a method used to undermine the feeling of stability and regularity and to produce stress and uncertainty.
Worst situation for the Jews. In any situation and constellation, the Jewish inmates always had the worst conditions and were treated in the most sadistic and cruelest manner.
Criminality and punishment without limits. The SS personnel and the functionaries were authorized to do whatever they wanted to the prisoners, including severe bodily punishment and murder.
Slave labor. Each prisoner without exception had to work. Most of the camps had a real industrial production for the war machinery of Nazi-Germany and its army, the Wehrmacht, or for the civilian industry.
Functionaries. A common phenomenon in the camp system was the delegation of authority to prominent prisoners, who were responsible for several functions and received substantial privileges. These functions included: supervision, observance, inspection and control in the barracks and at work squads.
Forcing Jews to be included in the death industry as slave laborers. Compulsion of Jews to do the "black work" of the killing machinery, by creating units of Jews who were forced to work as slaves in the gas chambers and crematories, was a permanent ingredient in the extermination camps. In Auschwitz-Birkenau this unit was un-officially called “Sonderkommando.”
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Treblinka
Treblinka, major Nazi German concentration camp and extermination camp, located near the village of Treblinka, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Warsaw on the main Warsaw-Bialystok railway line. There were actually two camps. The Nazis opened the first, Treblinka, 2.5 miles (4 km) from the railway station in December 1941 as a small forced-labour camp. The second, larger, ultrasecret camp—called “T.II” (Treblinka II) in official dispatches—was 1 mile (1.6 km) from the first and opened in July 1942 as an extermination camp for Jews as part of the “final solution to the Jewish question,” or the Holocaust. The Nazis established
Treblinka
concentration camp, Poland
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Treblinka, major Nazi German concentration camp and extermination camp, located near the village of Treblinka, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Warsaw on the main Warsaw-Bialystok railway line. There were actually two camps. The Nazis opened the first, Treblinka, 2.5 miles (4 km) from the railway station in December 1941 as a small forced-labour camp. The second, larger, ultrasecret camp—called “T.II” (Treblinka II) in official dispatches—was 1 mile (1.6 km) from the first and opened in July 1942 as an extermination camp for Jews as part of the “final solution to the Jewish question,” or the Holocaust. The Nazis established this camp—along with Belzec and Sobibor—as part of Operation Reinhard, an effort to exterminate the Jews of occupied Poland.Massive deportations from Warsaw began on July 22, 1942. Over the next two months, the Nazis deported more than 250,000 Jews from Warsaw to their deaths at Treblinka. The Nazis also murdered more than 100,000 Jews from other areas of Poland at the death camp. Upon arrival at Treblinka II in railway freight cars, victims were separated by sex, stripped of their clothing and other possessions, marched into buildings containing “bathhouses,” and gassed with carbon monoxide that issued through ceiling pipes from diesel engines. (The camp may later also have used the poison gas Zyklon-B.) Camp workers took those unable to walk to an area called the infirmary, replete with a Red Cross flag. Inside was a large ditch where they were killed.
In August 1942 the camp’s first commander, Irmfried Eberl was replaced by another SS (Nazi paramilitary corps) officer, Franz Stangl, who had previously served at Sobibor. Treblinka’s German staff, numbering some 30 men, including Stangl, were all veterans of the T4 Program through which the infirm and disabled were killed. About 100 Ukrainians and 700–1,000 Jewish male prisoners assisted with the executions, removing gold teeth, dentures, and other valuables from the corpses and transporting the remains to mass graves.
Initially, the pace of arrivals for gassing was so intense that a bottleneck developed because of the limited capacity of the gas chambers; however, a month after its opening, the Nazis constructed additional gas chambers that more than tripled the camp’s killing capacity. The total number killed at Treblinka was some 750,000 or more, making it second only to Auschwitz in the numbers of Jews killed.
On August 2, 1943, a group of Jewish prisoner-workers rose in a planned revolt, killing some Ukrainian guards and one SS officer but generally failing in a confusion of mistiming and ill luck. Most of the 200 or more who did escape were eventually killed or recaptured.
The Nazis closed the facilities at Treblinka II in October 1943 and those at Treblinka I in July 1944. Fewer than 100 survivors could be found after World War II.
In the 1960s, Poland erected an impressive monument at Treblinka. Comprising 17,000 stones, it outlines the shape of the death camp. Concrete blocks resembling railroad ties mark the entrance to the camp where the railroad cars were brought in. A large stone arch marks the gas chamber, and a sunken, blackened stone sculpture marks the site where the bodies were burned.
After the war, several Treblinka officers faced trial in West Germany. In a trial lasting 10 months and concluding in August 1965, 10 defendants were tried, including deputy camp commander Kurt Franz, who was sentenced to life imprisonment. In a 1970 trial, Commandant Stangl was also sentenced to life imprisonment.
Michael Berenbaum
US History
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How did fascism put Europe on the path to war?
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It considered the nation more important than the individual and would use force - very often - to restore order and preserve the nation. Fascism was also characterized by extreme nationalism, which led countries to have conflicts with each other, eventually leading to war
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How was Soviet collectivization of agriculture an example of a dictatorial government?
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It was an example of a dictatorial government because if peasants tried to rebel or resist by killing livestock or taking more food for themselves, they would be punished, sometimes by death from starvation
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Terms in this set (29)
How did fascism put Europe on the path to war?
It considered the nation more important than the individual and would use force - very often - to restore order and preserve the nation. Fascism was also characterized by extreme nationalism, which led countries to have conflicts with each other, eventually leading to war
How was Soviet collectivization of agriculture an example of a dictatorial government?
It was an example of a dictatorial government because if peasants tried to rebel or resist by killing livestock or taking more food for themselves, they would be punished, sometimes by death from starvation
What economic and political conditions following WWI encouraged dictatorships?
The depression that hit the majority of the world, as well as the Treaty of Versailles, helped contribute to the rise of dictatorships
How did European nations try to prevent war?
They tried to prevent war by giving into Germany's demands, attempting to appease Germany. This was unsuccessful, as Hitler continued to demand more lands and territories
How did internationalism differ from isolationism?
Isolationism was the separation from other nations entirely, whereas internationalism allowed for the sale of goods and weapons to countries
How did restricting the sale of strategic materials hinder Japan's aggression in the Pacific?
Japan depended heavily on materials from the United States, and when the US put an embargo on Japan, it caused Japan to sign an alliance with Germany and Italy
Why did many Americans support isolationism? Why did President Roosevelt support internationalism?
Many Americans support isolationism because they did not want to be dragged into another war. President Roosevelt supported internationalism because he wanted to be able to trade with other countries
How did President Roosevelt assist Britain while maintaining US neutrality?
He wanted the idea of internationalism to be implemented, which would allow American to sell arms and supplies to Britain without actually taking part in the war
How did the United States try to slow Japan's advances in the Pacific?
They put an embargo on Japan and trade with Japan
What was the purpose of concentration camps?
The purpose of concentration camps was to keep the Jews where the Nazis could keep an eye on them and then dispose of them when they were no longer useful
How was the Buchenwald concentration camp different from Treblinka and Auschwitz?
It had no gas chambers
Why did many Jew remain in Nazi Germany and within Axis-controlled areas of Europe?
They were declined the opportunity to get a visa to go to another country
How did the Nazis try to exterminate Europe's Jewish population
Nazis would put Jews in gas chambers, and then burn the bodies in giant furnaces
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and often racism and no tolerance of opposition
Exploited
To take unfair advantage of
Collectives
Farms, especially in communist countries, formed from many small holdings, collected into a single unit for joint operation under government supervision
Dominate
To be in a state or position of common or control over all others
Command
To be in control of, to have full power
Appeasement
Giving into unjust demands in order to avoid all-out conflict
Internationalism
A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity
Revise
To make changes to an original work
Purchase
Something obtained especially for a price in money or its equivalent
Strategic Materials
Items needed for fighting war
Underestimate
To estimate lower than the real amount or number
Prohibit
To make illegal by an authority
Assume
To take for granted for as true
Concentration Camp
A camp where persons are detained or confined
Extermination Camp
A camp where men, women, and children were sent to be executed
Virtually
Almost entirely, nearly
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